What is the Future of Silicon Computer Technology
The ongoing improvement of silicon computer chips continues, with innovative new device designs appearing frequently. In addition to the International Technology Roadmap for Silicon 1 , a further analysis of the trends is given by Meindl et al. 6 . One of the recent trends has been to build the basic field effect transistor, FET, or MOSFET Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor , on a silicon chip with a buried oxide layer BOX . The effect of the BOX is intended to reduce the thickness of...
C60 Buckyball 05 nm
These molecules are empty spherical shells, containing exactly 60 carbon atoms in five- and six-membered rings. It is essentially a graphene sheet closed onto itself, with pentagons added to allow curvature. The pentagonal and hexagonal benzene rings are located in a similar fashion to pentagonal and hexagonal panels in a soccer ball. These molecules are very stable and fully tie up the four valence electrons of each carbon atom. A simple model of this molecule is shown in Figure 6.2 2 . Figure...
Ethylene C2H4 Benzene C6H6 and Acetylene C2H2
The carbon molecules considered so far have involved only single bonds, based simply on the covalent bonding found in molecular hydrogen that was discussed in Chapter 5, acting on wavefunctions as listed in Table 4.1. Carbon and other atoms also sometimes form double and triple covalent bonds. The linear acetylene molecule C2H2 is formed by carbon atoms which each share three of their four valence electrons with each other, a structure called a triple bond. Thus, six valence electrons are...
Scaling the xylophone
The familiar xylophone produces musical sounds when its keys a linear array of rectangular bars of dimensions a x b x c, with progressively longer key lengths c producing lower audio frequencies are struck by a mallet and go into transverse vibration perpendicular to the smallest, a, dimension. The traditional middle C in music corresponds to 256 Hz. If the size scale of the xylophone key is reduced to the micrometer scale, as has recently been achieved, using the semiconductor technology, and...
Quantum Nature of the Nanoworld 49
4.1 Bohr's Model of the Nuclear Atom 49 4.1.1 Quantization of Angular Momentum 50 4.1.2 Extensions of Bohr's Model 51 4.2 Particle-wave Nature of Light and Matter, DeBroglie Formulas k h p, E hm 52 4.3 Wavefunction W for Electron, Probability Density W W, Traveling and Standing Waves 53 4.4 Maxwell's Equations E and B as Wavefunctions for Photons, Optical Fiber Modes 57 4.5 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 58 4.6 Schrodinger Equation, Quantum States and Energies, Barrier Tunneling 59 4.6.1...